Electrolysis of water is an effective source of oxygen at high altitude

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. To the editor: With the increasing number of unacclimatized lowlanders traveling to high altitude, the importance of the management of acute high altitude illness is growing. Acute high altitude illness is triggered by hypobaric hypoxia and can be fatal if not treated promptly [1]. Oxygen supplementation is lifesaving, but this is often impossible in resource-limited regions. Hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas, generated by electrolysis of water, has been proved safe and beneficial for various medical purposes [2, 3]. Compared with conventional oxygen supplementation, generating oxygen by electrolysis of water is cost-effective, environment-friendly, and easily obtainable, and we hypothesize that it would be a promising approach to provide oxygen at high altitude. From May 1, 2021 to Oct 31, 2021, a male, 37-yearold physician from Shanghai (named as ‘the participant’ thereafter) was sent to work in Tibet for medical assistance. Before departure, he underwent a comprehensive medical examination to ensure his work competence at high altitude. After a period of acclimatization, the participant stayed at Gamba County (about 4700 m above sea level) on working days, and stayed at Rikaze City (about 3800 m above sea level) on rest days. When the participant was in Gamba County, he inhaled hydrogen/ oxygen mixed gas (66% hydrogen; 33% oxygen) at 3 L/ min via nasal cannula by using the Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator (AMS-H-03, Shanghai Asclepius Meditec Co., Ltd., China) (Fig. 1) for 15 h daily (from about 6 p.m. to 9 a.m. the next day). While resting in Rikaze City, he received conventional oxygen supplementation at 2 L/ min via nasal cannula for 15 h daily (from about 6 p.m. to 9 a.m. the next day). Peripheral saturation of oxygen (SpO2), pulse rate, and apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) were detected by wearable polysomnography (SF-A8, VentMed Technology, China). Data collection began from Jul 1, 2021. As of Oct 31, 2021, data of 34 days of inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas and 51 days of conventional oxygen supplementation was collected. The difference of SpO2 between inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas and conventional oxygen supplementation was almost statistically significant (P = 0.050), yet the gap (93.2% vs. 94.0%) was small. There was no significant difference in pulse rate (61.0/min vs. 61.2/min, P = 0.335) and AHI (13.7 vs. 12.6, P = 0.280) (Table 1). Our study firstly demonstrated that hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas is an effective source of oxygen at high altitude. In our study, there was no significant difference in pulse rate and AHI between the two groups. In this context, the medium SpO2 was 93.2% when inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas, and was 94.0% when receiving conventional oxygen supplementation. Given that the participant was at a higher altitude when inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas, we assume that the effect of oxygen therapy of both method would be similar at same altitude, although the actual oxygen supply of the Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator was half of conventional oxygen supplementation. One possible explanation is that gaseous hydrogen has a much smaller density than the air, hence a much lower airway resistance when passing through the respiratory tract [3]. A new technology, Open Access Journal of Translational Medicine

With the increasing number of unacclimatized lowlanders traveling to high altitude, the importance of the management of acute high altitude illness is growing. Acute high altitude illness is triggered by hypobaric hypoxia and can be fatal if not treated promptly [1]. Oxygen supplementation is lifesaving, but this is often impossible in resource-limited regions. Hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas, generated by electrolysis of water, has been proved safe and beneficial for various medical purposes [2,3]. Compared with conventional oxygen supplementation, generating oxygen by electrolysis of water is cost-effective, environment-friendly, and easily obtainable, and we hypothesize that it would be a promising approach to provide oxygen at high altitude.
From May 1, 2021 to Oct 31, 2021, a male, 37-yearold physician from Shanghai (named as 'the participant' thereafter) was sent to work in Tibet for medical assistance. Before departure, he underwent a comprehensive medical examination to ensure his work competence at high altitude. After a period of acclimatization, the participant stayed at Gamba County (about 4700 m above sea level) on working days, and stayed at Rikaze City (about 3800 m above sea level) on rest days. When the participant was in Gamba County, he inhaled hydrogen/ oxygen mixed gas (66% hydrogen; 33% oxygen) at 3 L/ min via nasal cannula by using the Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator (AMS-H-03, Shanghai Asclepius Meditec Co., Ltd., China) ( Fig. 1) for 15 h daily (from about 6 p.m. to 9 a.m. the next day). While resting in Rikaze City, he received conventional oxygen supplementation at 2 L/ min via nasal cannula for 15 h daily (from about 6 p.m. to 9 a.m. the next day). Peripheral saturation of oxygen (SpO 2 ), pulse rate, and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) were detected by wearable polysomnography (SF-A8, VentMed Technology, China).
Data collection began from Jul 1, 2021. As of Oct 31, 2021, data of 34 days of inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas and 51 days of conventional oxygen supplementation was collected. The difference of SpO 2 between inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas and conventional oxygen supplementation was almost statistically significant (P = 0.050), yet the gap (93.2% vs. 94.0%) was small. There was no significant difference in pulse rate (61.0/min vs. 61.2/min, P = 0.335) and AHI (13.7 vs. 12.6, P = 0.280) ( Table 1).
Our study firstly demonstrated that hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas is an effective source of oxygen at high altitude. In our study, there was no significant difference in pulse rate and AHI between the two groups. In this context, the medium SpO 2 was 93.2% when inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas, and was 94.0% when receiving conventional oxygen supplementation. Given that the participant was at a higher altitude when inhaling hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas, we assume that the effect of oxygen therapy of both method would be similar at same altitude, although the actual oxygen supply of the Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator was half of conventional oxygen supplementation. One possible explanation is that gaseous hydrogen has a much smaller density than the air, hence a much lower airway resistance when passing through the respiratory tract [3]. A new technology,

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Journal of Translational Medicine † Xinjun Tang and Li Liang contributed equally to this work *Correspondence: hu.lijuan@zs-hospital.sh.cn; ylsong70@163.com oxygen conditioning, has been proved practicable in raising the oxygen concentration of the air and, therefore, the living and working environment at high altitude [4]. For every 1% increase in the oxygen concentration, the physiological altitude is reduced by approximately 300 m [5]. The commonest way of generating oxygen for medical purpose is to use synthetic zeolites, which collect oxygen-enriched gas by absorbing nitrogen under appropriate pressure conditions. However, this is expensive and requires large amount of synthetic zeolites. Since water is cheap and easily obtainable, electrolysis of water is costeffective to generate enough oxygen for medical purpose.
Before the clinical use of hydrogen, helium has been proved effective in the management of obstructive lung disease for its low density. However, its expensiveness limits its widespread use. Gaseous hydrogen and helium have the same molecular weight, making it possible in clinical settings. As hydrogen is combustible, people may question about its safety and tolerability, especially in an oxygen-enriched environment. In our study, no adverse event was observed, similar to previous studies at normal barometric pressure [2,3]. A previous study has tested the safety of the Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator, and revealed that the maximum hydrogen concentration was far below the explosion limits of hydrogen in the air (4%) [3]. Furthermore, oxygen conditioning at high altitude never raises the partial pressure of oxygen in the air above the normal sea level value. As a consequence, oxygen conditioning can reduce the physiological altitude without increasing a fire hazard [4].
In summary, we demonstrated that hydrogen/oxygen mixed gas inhalation is effective in oxygen supplementation at high altitude. Since water is low-cost and easily accessible, electrolysis of water by the Hydrogen/Oxygen Generator is promising for the treatment and prevention of high altitude illness. In addition, electrolysis of water has the potential to become a breakthrough in oxygen conditioning to change the living and working conditions at high altitude.